QUARTZ CRYSTAL UNITS CHARACTERISTICS RESONANT FREQUENCY , CHARACTERISTICS

CHARACTERISTICS

The electrical properties of the quartz crystal unit as a function of frequency can be represented by equivalent circuit diagram (Fig. 1) 　The oscillating mass of the quartz crystal corresponds to the Motional inductance L1 while the elasticity of the oscillating body is represented by the Motional capacity C1. 　The values of the Motional capacity C1 are very small compared with the capacities normally used for oscillating circuits in communications engineering and can be calculated for the 'AT' cut as follows: C1(PF)=0.22 X A(m2) X F(Hz)/1670 Where A= area of the electrode F= resonant Frequency 　The C1 value can be changed for a particular resonant frequency by varying the electrode area. The range of variation of the electrode area depends on the diameter of the quartz element. 　The static parallel capacity C0 is the capacity between the vacuum-deposited metal electrodes and quartz material as a dielectric and we have. C0(PF)=40.4 X A(m2) X F(Hz)/1670+0.8(PF) L1(H)=4.22 X 104 X (1670)3/F3(Hz)/A(m3) 　 Fig. 2 illustrates the impedance graph for a quartz crystal. Neglecting losses two resonant frequencies result, namely the series resonant frequency fs at impedance = 0(Fig. 2) and the parallel resonant frequency fp at impedance = infinity. Parallel and series resonant frequencies are linked by the equation: The relative frequency interval between the two resonant frequencies: i.e. equal to one half of the ratio of motional to static capacity. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT 　Temperature coefficient is frequency stability or deviation with timperature change. Temperature coefficient is expressed in parts per millions, change of plus or minus percentage over the operating temperature ranges. 　The mode of vibration, the plane of the plate in relation to the axis of the quartz, the dimensions of the plate and the harmonics determine the temperature coefficient. LOAD CAPACITANCE CL 　The load capacity is the sum of the capacity of the crystal sock-et or any other parasitic capacitance across the crystal in oscillator. 　Load capacitance, CL is the effective capacitance of the oscillation circuit as viewed from both ends of the crystal units.(shown in Fig. 3) 　CL is the capacitance value comprising the combined capacitance of capacitor, and equivalent capacitance components resulting from the phase lag, Miller's effect, etc., within the semiconductor. 　In the electrical equivalent oscillation circuit (Fig. 4), operating frequency, f0 can be expressed by the following equation. Where fs = series resonance frequency. r = C0/ C1(capacitance ratio) Fig. 3 Equivalent Circuit of a Fig. 4 Equivalent Circuit of a Crystal Oscillator I Crystal Oscillator II Fig. 5 Load Capacitance Characteristic 　Fig. 5 shows an example of the load capacitance Characteristic calculated by equation. As can be seen from the figure, the rate of operating frequency change due to change in CL is high where CL is small. The rate of operating frequency change due to change in CL is also high when the capacitance ratio is small. 　In most cases the quartz crystal is operated with a trimmer load capacity in order to be able to adjust the manufacturing tolerances. RESISTANCE AND Q FACTOR 　Resistance is the equivalent impedance of the quartz resonator and it determines Q factor of quartz crystal. High crystal Q's are obtained by reducing mechanical and acoustic energy losses which is equivalent to R1. vThe crystal Q is related to the series resonance frequency fs the motional inductance L1, and the equivalent series resistance R1. 　A high Q-factor, i.e., low resistance R1, reduces the influence of external parameters, such as variations in supply voltage, load, temperature, and oscillator components. SPURIOUS MODES 　Spurious modes, which mean unwanted modes, are actually in-harmonic modes of vibration of the quartz plate. Since spurious modes are inherent in every crystal resonator, they are suppressed by special design technique. 　Typical spurious specifications are 6dB below the desired mode of oscillations but they are more highly suppressed upon customer's request. DRIVE LEVEL 　The drive level normally referenced in milliwatts is the power dissipated in the crystal's equivalent resistance. 　Drive level should be the minimum necessary to begin and main-tain crystal oscillation, to assure optimum performance and stability. 　Excessive drive can result in breakage of the crystal element, excessive frequency drift, and poor aging characteristic. FREQUENCY TOLERANCE 　Frequency tolerance is the amount of frequency deviation (plus or minus) from the desired operating frequency at a specific tem-perature. 　Accuracy requirement for crystal tolerance is expressed in per-centage. (see Fig. 6). AGING 　Aging of a quartz crystal is a general term applied to any change in parameters of crystal unit taking place over a period of time. 　In order not to suffer severe aging the circuit should be designed with drive level kept at absolute minimum. Fig. 6 AT-Cut Frequency-Temperature Characteristics MECHANICAL SPECIFICATION 1. Terminal Strength *Lead pulling test 　 Conditions: Load 907.2gram Direction To the downward Duration of applied force 5 seconds Results : There should be no distortion in appearance *Lead bending test Conditions: Load 453.6 gram Bending angle 90C to normal position Rate of bending 3 seconds in each cycle Results : There should be no distortion in appearance. 2. Lead solderability test Conditions: Dipping in solder (230°C 5°C) for 5 seconds Results: More than 95% of surface being tested should be coated uniformly with solder. 3. Vibration test Conditions: Frequency 10~55Hz Amplitude 0.762mm Sweep 1.0 minute Duration 2 hours Results : Frequency and wave from of tested products must remain within specifications. 4. Drop test Conditions: Method of drop Natural drop Dropping floor Hard wood board Height 75 cm Number of drops 3 times Results : Frequency and wave from of tested products must remain within specifications. ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATION 1. Temperature test * Temperature cycling test 　Conditions: Steps of cycle 1)At -55C, 30 minutes 2)At +25C, 10~15 minutes 2)At +85C, 30 minutes 2)At +25C, 10~15 minutes Number of cycles 3 times Results : Frequency and wave from of tested products must remain within specifications. * Thermal shock test 　Conditions: Temperature T(H) + 125C,T(L) -55 C Exposure time at 5 minutes emperature extremes Number of cycles 3 times Results : Frequency and wave from of tested products must remain within specifications. * Low Temperature test 　Conditions: Temperature - 20 C 2C Length of test 96 hours Results : There should be no stain on surfce of products Frequency and wave from of tested products must remain within specifications. 2. Aging test Conditions: Temperature + 85 C 2 C Length of test 96 hours Results : Deviation of frequency must be less than 3 ppm (0.0003%) 3. Salt spray test Conditions: Temperature + 35 oC 2 oC Length of test 48 hours NaCI % 5% Results : There should be no stain on surface of products. 4. Humidity test Conditions: Temperature + 40 C 2 C Relative humidity 90~95% Length of test 96 hours Results : 1)Insulation resistance must be 500 Mohm/100 minimum Vdc. 2) Resistance and wave form must remain within spevification 5. Fine leak test Conditions: Helium Results : less than 2X10-8 Atm cc/sec